Horizontal gene transfer and safety of bacterial inoculants

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the exchange of genetic information between microorganisms, a process that can include the spread of antibiotic-resistance genes among bacteria.

Exchange of mobile genetic elements (including PLASMIDS - small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria) generally contributes to the plasticity of bacterial genomes, allowing them to rapidly adapt to changing environments, acquire new traits, and evolve over time.

Plasmid-transferring bacteria are capable of transferring genetic material (when in competent stage), specifically plasmids, to other bacteria, facilitating the exchange of genetic information.

Bacillus, a genus of bacteria, is generally considered a safe group as it does not actively exchange DNA with other bacteria through plasmid transfer, as they do not reach a competent state

This characteristic makes Bacillus strains a suitable choice for various applications, including animal feed, plant growth enhancers, probiotics, and water treatment.